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Seepage salamander
The seepage salamander (''Desmognathus aeneus'') is a small, terrestrial species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the United States. They are found in small areas of Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent rivers, and freshwater springs. It gets its name from the seepages around which it lives. It is very similar in its appearance and life history to the pygmy salamander (''Desmognathus wrighti''). These two species differ greatly from the other ''Desmognathus'' species. They are the smallest salamanders in the genus, measuring only in length. They are also the only two terrestrial, direct-developing ''Desmognathus'' species. However, the two species are not often seen to coexist, differing in distribution by elevation; although there are exceptions. The seepage salamander is currently listed as Near Threatened, with its numbers declining in most of states in which it is found. It is threatened by habitat loss, with logging having a major effect.
==Description==
The seepage salamander is a very small and slender salamander, ranging from . The adults possess vomerine teeth.〔Brown, W. C., and S. C. Bishop. 1947. A new species of ''Desmognathus'' from North Carolina. ''Copeia'' 1947: 163-166.〕 The tail is terete and rounded. The seepage salamander has a pale dorsal stripe, with a wide, wavy to almost straight shape, and ranging in color from yellow or tan to reddish brown.〔Conant, R. and Collins, J. 1998. ''Peterson Field Guides: Reptiles and Amphibians (Eastern/Central North America)''. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York.〕 The stripe is sometimes flecked with a darker pigment. A mid-dorsal, dark line is also seen and is continuous with a Y-shaped mark on the head. There is a dark brown band on the sides, fading towards the belly. The underbelly is pale and is mottled with brown and white, but it may also be plain, with no other coloration.〔
The seepage salamander is easily confused with the Pygmy Salamander (''Desmognathus wrighti''). These two species overlap in a small area of southern North Carolina. ''D. wrighti'' and ''D. aeneus'' are the smallest species in the genus ''Desmognathus'' and are the only terrestrial direct-developers, lacking a free-swimming larval stage.〔Hining, K.J., Bruce, R.C. 2005. Population Structure and Life History Attributes of Syntopic Populations of the Salamanders ''Desmognathus aeneus'' and ''Desmognathus wrighti'' (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) ''Southeastern Naturalist'' 4: 679-688.〕 They both have vomerine teeth, and similar tail length to total body length ratios; however, they have different patterns and coloration.〔 Seepage salamanders have a smoother top of the head. The mental glands are also shaped differently in the males. The pygmy salamander has a large, U-shaped mental gland while the seepage salamander’s is small and kidney shaped.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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